Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: Inflammatory arthritis irAE may represent a unique autoimmune disease primarily driven by T cells but likely not autoantibodies

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea4262

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Expression of CD27 and IgD on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of IgD + CD27 − naïve B cells and IgD − CD27 − DN B cells. ( B ) Expression of CD27 and CD38 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentages of CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs and CD27 + CD38 − memory B cells. ( C ) Expression of CD138 on CD27 hi CD38 hi ASCs. Right: Percentage of CD138 + ASCs and CD138 − ASCs. ( D ) Expression of CD11c and CD21 on CD19 + B cells. Right: Percentage of CD11c + CD21 − CD19 + B cells. [(A) to (D)] HC ( n = 63), irAE ( n = 33), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 20). ( E to G ) GSEA was performed on the B cells between irAE and ICI. (E) Significantly enriched pathways in B cells from irAE and ICI. GSEA plots of IFN-α and IFN-γ response (F), and oxidative phosphorylation (G). ( H ) The volcano plots of the citrullinated or noncitrullinated relative IgG or IgM isotype autoantigen levels comparing RA versus HC, irAE versus ICI, irAE versus HC, or irAE versus RA. The autoantigens were labeled when P < 0.01. TNF-α reactivities resulted from the administration of anti–TNF-α therapy for the treatment of RA. ( I ) Immunoglobulin isotype levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 22), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 46), and ICI ( n = 26). ( J ) CXCL13 levels in the plasma were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HC ( n = 20), irAE ( n = 34) RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 23). ( K ) B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in the plasma were measured by multiplex assay. HC ( n = 21), irAE ( n = 34), RAC ( n = 47), and ICI ( n = 18). Data in graphs represent mean ± SEM. Significance was tested by one-way ANOVA [(A) to (D) and (I) to (K)] and logistic regression (H). [(A) to (D) and (F) to (K)] ICI, ICI control.

Article Snippet: For CXCL13, IL-21, and CX3CL1 measurements, the following kits were used: Human CXCL13/BLC/BCA-1 Quantikine Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (R&D Systems, catalog no. DCX130), Human IL-21 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems, catalog no. DY8879-05), and Human CX3CL1/Fractalkine DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems, DY365); all steps were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Phospho-proteomics, Immunopeptidomics, Labeling, Clinical Proteomics, Multiplex Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection

doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Untreated hyperacute HIV, but not ART early-treated hyperacute HIV, is associated with elevation of plasma cytokines that have distinct kinetics. a Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL-10). b Monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG/CXCL-9). c Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). d Interleukin 12 (IL-12). e Soluble IL-2 receptor (IL-2R). f Interleukin 8 (IL-8). g Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). h Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). i B cell-activating factor (BAFF/BLYS/TNFSF13B). j Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13). k Soluble CD14. l Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha). N = 12 for untreated hyperacute HIV-infected participants (except CXCL13 and BAFF with N = 10). N = 8 for ART early-treated hyperacute HIV-infected individuals (except CXCL13 and BAFF with N = 6 and IFN-alpha with N = 7). Cytokine levels for one of the untreated participants were measured 434 days instead of 238–263 days after the detection of viremia. Each symbol represents an individual participant. Except for IFN-alpha, red symbols show the plasma levels in untreated participants and blue symbols show the plasma levels in ART early-treated participants. Horizontal lines and error bars in the scatter plots represent the median and interquartile range. In l (IFN-alpha), every colored line represents a participant. Statistical test used: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. “Pre” refers to the pre-infection time point

Article Snippet: The plasma levels of BAFF had been measured in a previous study pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (4–11 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using Human BAFF Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) while CXCL13 had been measured pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (1–4 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using human CXCL13 Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems) [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Infection

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection

doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: CXCL13 is positively associated with delayed suppression of viremia in early-treated individuals. a Duration to viral suppression in days among early-treated participants. b Correlation between duration to viral suppression in days and viral load at the time of initiating ART in early-treated individuals. c Correlation between duration to viral suppression and plasma CXCL13 levels at 3 months. d Correlation between viral load at the time of initiating ART and plasma CXCL13 levels at 3 months. Each symbol represents an individual participant ( N = 6). Statistical test: Spearman’s rank-order correlation. P values < 0.05 were considered significant

Article Snippet: The plasma levels of BAFF had been measured in a previous study pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (4–11 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using Human BAFF Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) while CXCL13 had been measured pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (1–4 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using human CXCL13 Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems) [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection

doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: The magnitude of plasma cytokines predicts CD4 + T cell and viral load dynamics in untreated hyperacute HIV infection. a Correlation between peak IFN-alpha and peak viremia. b Correlation between hyperacute soluble IL-2 receptor and peak viremia. c Correlation between hyperacute IL-1RA and viral load set point. d Correlation between hyperacute CXCL13 and nadir CD4 + T cell counts. e Correlation between hyperacute soluble IL-2 receptor and nadir CD4 + T cell counts. f Correlation between hyperacute IL-1RA and set point CD4 + T cell counts. Each symbol represents an individual participant ( N = 12 except CXCL13 with N = 10). Statistical test: Spearman’s rank-order correlation. P values < 0.05 were considered significant

Article Snippet: The plasma levels of BAFF had been measured in a previous study pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (4–11 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using Human BAFF Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) while CXCL13 had been measured pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (1–4 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using human CXCL13 Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems) [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Infection

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection

doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Plasma cytokines/chemokines are associated with reduced blood counts of lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils in untreated acutely HIV-infected patients. a Correlation between CXCL13 and total lymphocytes. b Correlation between CXCL13 and eosinophils. c Correlation between CXCL13 and basophils. d Correlation between MIG/CXCL9 and total lymphocytes. e Correlation between MIG/CXCL9 and eosinophils. f Correlation between MIG/CXCL9 and basophils. g Correlation between soluble IL-2 receptor and total lymphocytes. h Correlation between soluble IL-2 receptor and eosinophils. i Correlation between soluble IL-2 receptor and basophils. The measurements of cytokines and blood cell counts were in the hyperacute phase of HIV infection. Each symbol represents an individual participant ( N = 12 except CXCL13 ( a – c ) with N = 10). Statistical test: Spearman’s rank-order correlation. P values < 0.05 were considered significant

Article Snippet: The plasma levels of BAFF had been measured in a previous study pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (4–11 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using Human BAFF Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) while CXCL13 had been measured pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (1–4 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using human CXCL13 Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems) [ ].

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics, Infection

Journal: BMC Medicine

Article Title: Association between the cytokine storm, immune cell dynamics, and viral replicative capacity in hyperacute HIV infection

doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01529-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation network showing a summary of the relationships between cytokines, CD4 + T cell dynamics, viral load dynamics, Gag-driven viral replication capacity, and hematological parameters in untreated hyperacute HIV infection. Statistical test used: Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Red lines show significant positive correlations. Blue lines show significant inverse correlations. The width of the line indicates the strength of Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho). Only correlations that have P < 0.05 are shown. Gag RC, Gag-driven viral replication capacity ( N = 12 except CXCL13 and BAFF with N = 10)

Article Snippet: The plasma levels of BAFF had been measured in a previous study pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (4–11 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using Human BAFF Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) while CXCL13 had been measured pre-infection, during the hyperacute infection phase (1–4 days after the detection of viremia), at two time points after peak viremia (13–18 days and 24–32 days after the detection of viremia), and during the early chronic phase (77–95 days after the detection of viremia) using human CXCL13 Quantikine ELISA kit (R&D Systems) [ ].

Techniques: Infection

Journal: EBioMedicine

Article Title: Tumoral and stromal hMENA isoforms impact tertiary lymphoid structure localization in lung cancer and predict immune checkpoint blockade response in patients with cancer.

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105003

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5: hMENA/hMENAΔv6 influences the expression and signaling of LTβR and the secretion of CXCL13 in CAFs. The ‘epithelial’ hMENA11a isoform in tumor cells affects CXCL13 production by TRM cells. a. qRT-PCR analysis of LTβR mRNA expression in the CAFs obtained from four different patients with NSCLC (#359, #358, #391, #405), transfected with control (Si-CNTR), and hMENA(t) pool siRNAs (Si- hMENA(t)). Data reported are the mean of technical triplicates. P value of paired 2-tailed Student’s t test is reported. b. Representative WB analysis with the indicated Abs of protein extracts from CAF #302 transfected with non-targeting siRNA (Si-CNTR) or with hMENA(t) siRNA, untreated or treated with 50 ng/mL of LIGHT for 24 h. Fold change of P-p65/p65 and of p52/p100 staining intensity (right). Data reported are the mean of 4 different experiments ± SD. Adjusted P values of One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons procedures are reported when significant. c. CXCL13 production evaluated by ELISA assay of CAFs derived from three different patients (#302; #358; #571) transfected with non-targeting siRNA (Si-CNTR) or with hMENA(t) siRNA. Data reported are the mean of technical triplicates of pg/mL normalized for total protein content in three biological replicates. P value of paired two tailed t test, is reported d. Percentage of CXCL13 chemokine, evaluated by multiparametric flow cytometry, in ex-vivo TILs isolated from eight patients with NSCLC, after culture (24 h) with CM from H1650 tumor cells silenced for hMENA11a (Si-hMENA11a), or control (Si-CNTR). Results within CD8+ TRM (CD103+CD69+, left panel) or CD4+ TRM (CD103+CD69+, right panel) are shown. Statistical significance was determined using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank test.

Article Snippet: Levels of CXCL13 in conditioned media were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (EA 100469, Origene) after 48 h from silencing or transfection of CAFs and IMR-90 as described above.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Transfection, Control, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Derivative Assay, Two Tailed Test, Cytometry, Ex Vivo, Isolation

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: DEX-Induced SREBF1 Promotes BMSCs Differentiation into Adipocytes to Attract and Protect Residual T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells After Chemotherapy.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202205854

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. BMSC-derived adipocytes attract T-ALL cells via CXCL13. A) Direct coculture systems of T-ALL cell lines (Jurkat or SupT1 marked by mScarlet fluorescent protein) with induced BMSC. The BODIPY marking adipocytes in green. The circles label the aggregation of T-ALL cell around adipocytes. Bar: 150 μm. B) The results of the cell migration assay. The upper row shows the GFP-labeled T-ALL cells that migrated into the bottom chamber through the Transwell. The lower row shows the coexisting system in the bottom chamber of the Transwell. Bar: 150 μm. C) Relative expression analysis

Article Snippet: The mouse plasma was collected from peripheral blood and CXCL13 was examined by the commercial Human CXCL13 ELISA kit (Elabscience, E-EL-M0190c).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Cell Migration Assay, Labeling, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1 | CXCL13 expression in subpopulation of liver cells and its regulation by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. (A) Comparison of CXCL13 mRNA expression in Kupffer cell (KC), hepatic stellate cell (HSC), liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC), and primary human hepatocyte (PHH). Different subpopulation of liver cells were isolated from non-hepatitis B virus-infected livers. The total RNA of these cells was extracted and the expression of CXCL13 mRNA was determined by real-time RT-PCR. (B) Comparison of CXCL13 mRNA expression in KC after stimulation with TLR1–9 ligands. Isolated KC were stimulated with different TLR1–9 ligands for 6 h and then harvested for RNA extraction. CXCL13 mRNA expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR. The stimulus and concentration used as below: TLR1/2 agonist: Pam3CSK4 (4 μg/ml), TLR2 agonist: HKLM (108 cells/ml), TLR3 agonist: poly I:C (50 μg/ml), TLR4 agonist: LPS (30 μg/ml), TLR5 agonist: FLA (2 μg/ml), TLR6/2 agonist: FSL1 (1 μg/ml), TLR7 agonist: imiquimod (20 μg/ml), TLR8 agonist: ssRNA40 (10 μg/ml), TLR9 agonist: CpG (31.8 μg/ml). Data are representative with mean ± SEM, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test.

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison, Isolation, Virus, Infection, Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA Extraction, Concentration Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2 | Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist-induced expression of CXCL13 in liver cells from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive and non-HBV-infected patients. Comparison of the basal and TLR3 agonist-induced expression of CXCL13 in Kupffer cell (KC) (A), hepatic stellate cell (HSC) (B), liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) (C), and primary human hepatocyte (PHH) (D). Different subpopulation of liver cells were isolated from either Non-HBV or HBV-positive subjects and stimulated with or without TLR3 agonist for 6 h. Total RNA was extracted and then the CXCL13 mRNA expression to β-actin were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Data are representative with mean ± SEM, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test.

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Virus, Infection, Comparison, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3 | CXCL13 expression in serum samples from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and its correlation with viral parameters. (A) Comparison of serum CXCL13 concentration in healthy control (HC) and CHB patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [divided into immune activation (IA), IT, and IC groups]. Serum CXCL13 concentrations were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Data are representative with median, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test. (B) The correlation between serum CXCL13 concentrations and HBV DNA (log10 copies/ml) in IA patients, including the baseline of CHB patients received telbivudine therapy. (C) The correlation between serum CXCL13 concentrations and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in IA patients. (D) The correlation between serum CXCL13 concentrations and the age in IA patients.

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison, Concentration Assay, Control, Virus, Infection, Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4 | Longitudinal analysis of serum CXCL13 concentrations of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients during telbivudine therapy. (A) Comparison of serum CXCL13 concentrations at baseline and at 12, 24, and 52 weeks after starting telbivudine therapy in all 55 hepatitis B virus e antigen-positive CHB patients. Data are representative with median, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis H test. (B) Comparison of serum CXCL13 concentrations between complete response (CR) group and non-complete response (NCR) group at indicated time points. Data are representative with median, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test. (C) Repeated measures analysis of temporal dynamics of serum CXCL13 concentrations between CR group and NCR group at indicated time points. The paired Student’s t-test was used to compare individual values at different time points. (D) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for prediction of CR after telbivudine therapy, including CXCL13 concentrations at week 12, log10 HBV DNA copies/ml of week 0 − week 12, and combination factors above.

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Comparison, Virus, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5 | CXCL13-mediated chemotaxis effect on CXCR5+ cells in vitro. (A) Schematic diagram of chemotaxis assay. A 1 × 106 fresh-isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were added into the upper chamber, and different concentration of rh-CXCL13 or median alone was added into lower chamber. After 2–6 h, the cells in the lower chamber were harvested and analyzed. (B) Comparison of the numbers of CXCR5+ cell counting in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with different CXCL13 concentration in Transwell assay. Data are representative with mean ± SEM, and determined by Mann–Whitney U test. (C) Comparison of the numbers of CXCR5+ cell counting in CHB patients with different incubation time in Transwell assay. Data are representative with mean ± SEM, and determined by paired Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Chemotaxis Assay, In Vitro, Isolation, Concentration Assay, Comparison, Cell Counting, Transwell Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in immunology

Article Title: Elevated Expression of Chemokine CXCL13 in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Links to Immune Control during Antiviral Therapy.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6 | In situ expression of CXCL13 in the ectopic germinal center (GC) of liver tissue from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. (A) Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL13 expression in liver tissue samples with or without ectopic GC from CHB patients and healthy control (HC). Representative slides were shown with different magnifications as indicated. (B) Immunohistochemical staining of CXCL13+, CD4+, CD19+, CXCR5+, CD38+, and CD68+ cells in serial sections of liver tissue samples with ectopic GC from four representative CHB patients. Co-localization of CXCL13 expression was observed with CD68+ KCs, CXCR5+ CD4+ T cells, and CXCR5+CD19+ B cells in the ectopic GC (magnification ×400, plotting scale equal to 50 μm).

Article Snippet: HBV DNA was measured using the COBAS TaqMan HBV Test (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, CA, USA) (17), which has a detection limit of 12 IU/ml (1 IU/ml = 5.82 copies/ml). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) The concentration of CXCL13 was quantitated in duplicate wells using a commercial human CXCL13 ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: In Situ, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control